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Means and Results... continued...

In a first lesson on this theme : MEANS and RESULTS, we studied the bases of these tricky forms and are now going to try to build on them; do not hesitate to read the lesson and do the  test again... The results will be a good indicator to know whether you can start this lesson which can throw more than one learner off balance... 

a) We had first studied "changing places and the different ways of doing so", and the places of arrival... The structure was:  

-  He tiptoed into his baby's room.

                |                       |

         MEANS      PLACE of ARRIVAL

-  He  ran        downstairs         to meet his girlfriend. 

            |                      |

       MEANS     PLACE of ARRIVAL

b)  Another aspect of these structures has already been studied in another lesson, to « prepare the way»  test : it was about persuasion and dissuasion.

The means of persuading somebody to do something and of dissuading somebody from doing something could, as we saw, be almost  infinite:

At first, we started with: to talk somebody into doing something.

                               and to talk somebody out of doing something.

Then, we could challenge your imagination... using all the ways  to persuade or dissuade people : to talk, deceive, laugh, make fun of, tickle, torture, beat, threaten, blackmail, lock in, mock, boo, applaud, etc.

-  My sister was cajoled into accepting to do some babysitting tonight in spite of her former refusal.

-  He was bribed out of telling the truth. 

c)   BEWARE ! with other more picturesque vocabulary, it is possible to express a link between the means and the results.

In English the ORDER of the WORDS of these CONSTRUCTIONS is  ALWAYS following the CHRONOLOGY.

   -  My brother sang himself hoarse at yesterday's concert. 

(or if you copy the British structure: my brother sang so much (means) at the concert yesterday, that he is hoarse today (result).

-  I shouted the kid out of stealing my apples. 

-  Put down the volume, please. You'll play your music deaf... 

In order to manage to build a good structure of this type, you have to think about the chronology:

 => If you use this MEANS, you will have THIS  RESULT.

  : In the following exercise, I will mainly check whether you have understood this present lesson... The first three sentences will go back over the first two lessons, and the rest of the exercise will concentrate on this one. Later, I'll do a synthesis of the whole problem and an exercise where all the different varieties of these forms will be mixed... Don't worry... We'll overcome them!  

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1. Brenda cajoled her husband saying tointo sayinginto tellingout of tellingtellingI don't know her what he had planned for their anniversary.
2. When she heard Claire ringing at the gate, little Lily rushed down the stairsrusht out of the stairsrushe up the stairsrushed into the stairsI don't know, out into the garden and into Claire's armsout of Claire's armsdown to Claire's armsup to Claire's armsI don't know..
3. The burglar threatened my neighbour out callinginto callingout of callingout to callingI don't know the police, tied him up tightly, and stole all his money.
4. The baby was so tired that once in bed, he finally cried him asleepcried into asleepcried himself asleepcried out asleepI don't know.
5. It was freezing and two homeless people drunk themself to deaddrank themselves to deathdrank them to dieI don't know.
6. I've called your young brother several times. Can you go and shook him awakeshooke him awokeshake him awakeI don't know, please?
7. While hunting, my father saw hares and pheasants and shot themselves to deathshooted them dieshot them deadshoot them deathI don't know with his rifle.
8. I heard Tom's car screeching to a haltscreeching to stoppedscreeching haltedI don't know on the gravel.
9. Knowing that vultures now attack live prey, farmers watched a cow calving in a meadow. Seeing some birds flying over, humans scare vultures outscared vultures into itscared the vultures a wayscared the vultures awayI don't know and both cow and calf were saved.
10. He was so angry that he left without a word and slammed the door shuttingslammed the door shuttedslamming the door shuttingslammed the door shutI don't know behind him.