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Contrast, opposition, restriction - English lesson

 In order to express these three concepts introducing nuances in sentences, some «tool-words» of different natures are used.

           I) CONJUNCTIONS: link two clauses and are thus followed by : subject + verb. 

                    - ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH=  express concession

                    - WHEREAS/ WHILE=  express contrast.           

       - His salary isn't very high although he works long and difficult hours. 
     - Her sister came by train whereas her brother drove from home.

       II) ADVERBS: also introduce a restriction in a new clause: they're often followed by a comma. 

                   * YET,

                  *  HOWEVER, STILL, NEVERTHELESS,/ NONETHELESS,

       * NOTWITHSTANDING,                                                                                  

     - He said he had understood, however, he repeated the same mistake several times. 

     III) PREPOSITIONS:   often introduce a noun group (determiner + noun)                                                                   

              - UNLIKE/ CONTRARY TO,  IN SPITE OF + noun / DESPITE + noun. 

    - Sandra is a doctor, unlike her twin sister who's an executive. 

              IV) ADVERBS or RELATIVE PRONOUNS: WHATEVER , HOWEVER both introduce clauses too. 

       - Whatever you say, he's so stubborn that he won't obey you.

   - However repeatedly you'll ask, she won't give you what you want. 

 In these two examples, HOWEVER and WHATEVER may be remplaced by NO MATTER ...

- No matter how repeatedly you'll ask, she won't give you what you want. (more formal)

Well well ! Now, you must be ready for the test! Good luck!  

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1. 'Lucy, I'm quite angry with you... AlthoughDespiteUnlessI don't know that you were tidying up your room, it's still in a mess...'


2. ' You perfectly know that unlesswhateveralthoughI don't know you do that in a hurry, we won't make that chocolate cake you wanted to eat with your friends. '


3. ' Please, do it althoughwhiledespiteI don't know I'll get the ingredients ready, and pre-heat the oven. '<


4. 'Oh Mom, howeverunlessin spite ofI don't know being eager to put things in order, I can't do it... These boxes are much too heavy for me to carry.'


5. ' Stop it, little girl! Put your toys in their boxes; howeverdespitealthoughI don't know heavy they are, I'll carry them for you''


6. ' Thanks Mom! I'll hurry, whereasyetdespitealthoughI don't know, you may have to start making the cake alone...'


7. 'Mom, do you know that Chloe will come here alone unlikecontrary towhereasdespiteI don't know Kristin will be driven here by her big brother.'


8. ' Mom, you're so kind! I promise, whateverhoweverwhereasI don't know you ask from us, we'll do it!'


9. 'Lucy,whereasalthoughunlessdespiteI don't know your promise, your room isn’t tidied up yet and I’m getting more and more irritated.'


10. 'Well! That’s how it is! No matter howDespiteAlthoughWhileI don't know hard I try, you never seem to be satisfied by my efforts...'


11. 'Maddie had said she would help me decorate the room. NeverthelessDespiteWhileAlthoughI don't know, she hasn't arrived yet.'


12. 'Don't worry! She'll soon be coming. StillWhileDespiteAlthoughI don't know, if she isn't here to help you at 3, I'll do it.' 'Oh, thank you! You're great, Mom!'