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Contrast, opposition, restriction

 In order to express these three concepts introducing nuances in sentences, some «tool-words» of different natures are used.

           I) CONJUNCTIONS: link two clauses and are thus followed by : subject + verb. 

                    - ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH=  express concession

                    - WHEREAS/ WHILE=  express contrast.           

       - His salary isn't very high although he works long and difficult hours. 
     - Her sister came by train whereas her brother drove from home.

       II) ADVERBS: also introduce a restriction in a new clause: they're often followed by a comma. 

                   * YET,

                  *  HOWEVER, STILL, NEVERTHELESS,/ NONETHELESS,

       * NOTWITHSTANDING,                                                                                  

     - He said he had understood, however, he repeated the same mistake several times. 

     III) PREPOSITIONS:   often introduce a noun group (determiner + noun)                                                                   

              - UNLIKE/ CONTRARY TO,  IN SPITE OF + noun / DESPITE + noun. 

    - Sandra is a doctor, unlike her twin sister who's an executive. 

              IV) ADVERBS or RELATIVE PRONOUNS: WHATEVER , HOWEVER both introduce clauses too. 

       - Whatever you say, he's so stubborn that he won't obey you.

   - However repeatedly you'll ask, she won't give you what you want. 

 In these two examples, HOWEVER and WHATEVER may be remplaced by NO MATTER ...

- No matter how repeatedly you'll ask, she won't give you what you want. (more formal)

Well well ! Now, you must be ready for the test! Good luck!  

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1. 'Lucy, I'm quite angry with you... DespiteUnlessAlthoughI don't know that you were tidying up your room, it's still in a mess...'


2. ' You perfectly know that whateveralthoughunlessI don't know you do that in a hurry, we won't make that chocolate cake you wanted to eat with your friends. '


3. ' Please, do it whiledespitealthoughI don't know I'll get the ingredients ready, and pre-heat the oven. '<


4. 'Oh Mom, in spite ofhoweverunlessI don't know being eager to put things in order, I can't do it... These boxes are much too heavy for me to carry.'


5. ' Stop it, little girl! Put your toys in their boxes; howeveralthoughdespiteI don't know heavy they are, I'll carry them for you''


6. ' Thanks Mom! I'll hurry, whereasdespiteyetalthoughI don't know, you may have to start making the cake alone...'


7. 'Mom, do you know that Chloe will come here alone whereasdespitecontrary tounlikeI don't know Kristin will be driven here by her big brother.'


8. ' Mom, you're so kind! I promise, whereashoweverwhateverI don't know you ask from us, we'll do it!'


9. 'Lucy,unlessalthoughdespitewhereasI don't know your promise, your room isn’t tidied up yet and I’m getting more and more irritated.'


10. 'Well! That’s how it is! AlthoughDespiteWhileNo matter howI don't know hard I try, you never seem to be satisfied by my efforts...'


11. 'Maddie had said she would help me decorate the room. AlthoughDespiteWhileNeverthelessI don't know, she hasn't arrived yet.'


12. 'Don't worry! She'll soon be coming. DespiteStillWhileAlthoughI don't know, if she isn't here to help you at 3, I'll do it.' 'Oh, thank you! You're great, Mom!'