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    Learn English > English lessons and exercises > English test #130275: Reduced forms





    > Other English exercises on the same topics: Abbreviations and acronyms... | BE, HAVE, DO, DID, WAS... [Change theme]
    > Similar tests: - Questions : how to ask them - Do-don't-does-doesn't - Abreviations - Do/does/did: affirmative, interrogative and negative forms - Gone or been - Initials / Abbreviations / Acronyms 1 - SMS language: abbreviations and acronyms - Who's... / Whose...
    > Double-click on words you don't understand


    Reduced forms


    You must take care of 'contractions' (called 'weak forms', but they're not that weak...  )

     

     

    There are so many of them that it's very easy to mix them up... You should look at

    them (and listen to them) twice to understand their messages correctly!


     

     

    🔹 1.‘s  may represent several grammatical forms:  

    To understand it, you should examine the element following it! 

    ◼️ a) If ‘s is followed by predicative adjectives or nouns, 's is a contraction

    of to be (verb or auxiliary).

    As he's (he IS) a CEO, he's (he IS) a very busy man.  

     

     

     

    ◼️ b) Followed by an -ing form, 's is part of an  – ing present.  

    It indicates that an action is taking place. 

    - Look! Johnny's gardening (IS gardening). 

     

     

    ◼️ c) 's  may also be a genitive indicating possession, distance, or duration.

    Then, it is between two nouns.

    - This is Kyle's car (Kyle'S : genitive – 'possessive case'). No, it's our neighbour's. 

    (It IS our neighbour'S ('car' is implied).)

    - It's just a two days' trip. Don't take too much luggage!

    ('s reduced in ' in the plural :  here, the genitive indicates duration.) 


    ◼️ d) ‘s  followed by a past participle, forms a present perfect expressing here the result of an action.

    - She's found the solution to her problem.  (She HAS found the solution). 

     



    🔹 2) Similarly, ‘d may also express several very different constructions.

    ◼️ a) If it is followed by a past participle (verb base+ ed or 3rd column of irregular verbs),

     ‘d is the contraction of HAD and is therefore a past perfect (expressing an anteriority in the past.) 

    - When he arrived at the gates, (preterite: indicating the past), they'd already been closed (the gates had

    been closed before their arrival.

     

     

    ◼️ b) If 'd  is followed by the verb base (infinitive without 'to'), it's the contraction of a conditional

    It expresses the wish for something which doesn't exist in reality.  

    -  He'd come (WOULD come) if he could.  

    -  I'd have helped (WOULD HAVE helped: past conditional) him if he'd asked (if he HAD asked) 

    me. (past perfect).

     

     

    ◼️ c) The 'traitors' of the 'd: force you to have mental agility so as to be quick to 

    understand what they mean. This is fundamental if you have to use tags. 

     - You'd better : You HAD better + infinitif sans to=> Hadn't you?  

     - He'd rather : He WOULD rather + infinitif sans to=> Wouldn't he?  

     

    🔹  3) ‘ve : could've/must've/ might've/ should've + past participle. 

    they're the reduced forms of modal auxiliaries:

    could have/ must have/ might have/ should have + past participle 

      ! These very frequent forms are so reduced in conversation that they are not

    recognised when young Anglo-Saxons  or inattentive adults come to writing them...  

     

      

     

    Not to belong to this category, I will have to give you a paradoxical piece of advice! 

    Make an effort to pronounce the reduced forms correctly, and make sure the verbal form following them can be clearly understood. 

    It's true that for many of us, reduced forms are a means to save time and energy!  Let's be fast!  Yet, we shouldn't forget that any expression aims at communicating! This is fundamental and it shouldn't be forgotten! 

     



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    English exercise "Reduced forms" created by here4u with The test builder. [More lessons & exercises from here4u]
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    A. This is and it clean, if not they won’t let us come for another weekend !


    B. If less, a lot more of them.


    C. 'Oh Paula, If what your sister had said, why locked at home.


    D. It’s time for my tennis lesson now, but the last chapters of this book before dinner.


    E. me that her old friend Sally and that the following week, a party for her here…’


    F. the solution before the data till the end.











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