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Participle Clauses

PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

A participle clause contains either a present participle, e.g. seeing,a past participle, e.g. seen,or a perfect participle, e.g. having seen.

TIME CLAUSES

A) to replace a time clause to show that an action took place while another was already in progress.

Walking down the street on Saturday, I saw Simon.

(replaces As/ When/ While I was walking)

B) to replace a time clause to indicate that the event in the subordinate clause comes immediately before the event in the main clause.

Raising their glasses, they wished Darren a happy birthday.

C) to emphasize that the event in the subordinate clause happened before the event in the main clause.

Having spent my money on a car, I couldn't afford a holiday.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

A) to replace a relative clause when we give more information about a person or thing.

The woman wearing the funny yellow hat is my cousin Jane.

(replaces who is wearing)

The plane, last used in World War II, is now a museum exhibit.

(replaces which was last used)

REASON/ RESULT

to show that the event in the main clause occurs because of the event in the subordinate clause. It can replace a reason clause.

Not understanding Tom's question, I was unable to give him an answer.

(replaces Because / Since I didn't understand)

Very often the event in the main clause is the result of the event in the subordinate clause.

Having spent my money on a car, I couldn't afford a holiday.

CONDITION

to replace a conditional clause

Washed at the wrong temperature, clothes can shrink

(If they are washed at the wrong temperature, clothes can shrink)

NOTE The subject of the participle must also be the subject of the other verb.

It is not possible to say Having a bath,the phone rang.

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2. Not knowing where I was, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

3. Having spent so much money on a leather bag for Jane, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

4. Not recollecting who the woman was, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

5. Opening my bedroom window, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

6. Grown in the right conditions, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

7. Not having a mobile phone, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

8. Parking her car in a side road, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

9. Having finished his medical training, I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know

10. A group of scientists doing research on stem cells I bumped into Gillian.I decided to pull up the car and ask for help.I didn't buy anything for myself.I saw strangers rummaging in my rubbish.I waited for her to greet me first.have made a remarkable discovery.he decided to take a year out and do some volunteer work overseas.she walked down the street to look for a parking meter.these flowers will bloom in early April.we couldn't call our hosts to let them know we'd be late. I don't know